Characterization Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

Exploring the Significance, Extraction, and Characterization of Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Complex Mixtures.

Secondary metabolites are essential components for the survival of plants. Secondary metabolites in complex mixtures from plants have been adopted and documented by different traditional medicinal systems worldwide for the treatment of various human diseases. The extraction strategies are the key components for therapeutic development from natural sources. Polarity-dependent solvent-selective extraction, acidic and basic solution-based extraction, and microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction are some of the most important strategies for the extraction of natural products from plants. The method needs to be optimized to isolate a specific class of compounds. Therefore, to establish the mechanism of action, the characterization of the secondary metabolites, in a mixture or in their pure forms, is equally important. LC-MS, GC-MS, and extensive NMR spectroscopic strategies are established techniques for the profiling of metabolites in crude extracts. Various protocols for the extraction and characterization of a wide range of classes of compounds have been developed by various research groups and are described in this review. Additionally, the possible means of characterizing the compounds in the mixture and their uniqueness are also discussed. Hyphenated techniques are crucial for profiling because of their ability to analyze a vast range of compounds. In contrast, inherent chemical shifts make NMR an indispensable tool for structure elucidation in complex mixtures.

Antihypertensive potential of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) in wistar rats: UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS-based prediction of antihypertensive phytochemicals

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCanarium schweinfurthii, also called ‘’Elemierd’Afrique’’, is used in Cameroonian folk medicine (bark decoction) to treat patients suffering from hypertension.Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antihypertensive activities of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii and identifying potential compounds present in its extract that may support or oppose its ethnomedicinial use. Materials and methodsStem bark extract of Canarium schweinfurthii was prepared by maceration using 70 % ethanol followed by redissolution in methanol and hyphenated. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis for the detection and characterisation of secondary metabolites. Antihypertensive effects were assessed in Wistar rats after induction of hypertension with sodium chloride (NaCl) 18 % at a dose of 0.01mL/gbody weight once a day for four weeks.Hemodynamic parameters were measured weekly by anon-invasive method using the CODA system. ResultsThe ethanolic bark extract of C. schweinfurthii significantly inhibited the increase of blood pressure with a maximum of 23.18 % (systolic pressure, p < 0.0001), 24.77 % (diastolic pressure, p < 0.001) and 22.95 % (mean pressure, p < 0.0001) at a dose of 200 mg/kgbody weight at the 4th week, compared to agroup of Wistar rats that received only NaCl (negative control). Similarly, the extract significantly inhibited the increase in heart rate by 18.84 % (p < 0.001) at 200 mg/kgbody weight at week four. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly between the extract-treated and control groups. The UPLC-MS/MS spectrometric analysis provided evidence for the presence of several C30 terpenoids containing three or five oxygen atoms and exhibiting pentacyclic triterpenoid structures, as well as C29 terpenoids and related compounds containing nitrogen in addition to oxygen, using spectral matching, and in silico molecular formula and structure prediction. Additionally, two features were annotated with high-confidence as lignans, structurally closely related to hinokinin and dehydrocubebin through MS/MS-based in silico structure prediction using CSI: Finger ID in SIRIUS5. The lignans have been previously reported from stem bark of plants belonging to the Burseraceae family. Conclusion: The ethanolic stem bark extract of C. schweinfurthii demonstrated antihypertensive properties on the tested Wistar rats. These results support the ethnopharmacological use of C. schweinfurthii concoctions for the treatment of hypertension and suggest a protective effect against salt damage, hypothetically by the up regulation of antioxidative enzymes and/or lipids, mitigatings membrane peroxidation.

Isolation and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites in Ethyl Acetate Fraction From Indonesian Eucheuma Spinosum

AbstractEucheuma spinosum is a type of red algae (Eucheuma) which is used as a food which has a high source of carrageenan. Information on secondary metabolites in E. spinosum is known to have bioactive properties as an antioxidant and antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites in E.spinosum. The study was started by isolating secondary metabolites from E.spinosum using Soxhlet extraction followed by solvent partitioning, fractionation and characterization. The rendemen from methanol extract was 6.07% while the highest partition result was in the ethyl acetate fraction, which was 1.25%. Fractionation was carried out by column chromatography resulting in 2 single spots F401 and A402. Pure isolate F401 has an Rf value of 0.71 in the form of a white solid, A401 has an Rf value of 0.67 in the form of a brown gel. The results of characterization of isolates with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer obtained maximum absorption and absorbance values of F401 218.50 nm 4.79 M-1 cm-1, 273 nm 1.06 M-1 cm-1 respectively. Isolate A402 233.50 nm 4.1 M-1 cm-1, 407 nm 1.03 M-1 cm-1. Identification using FT-IR found that both isolates showed the presence of functional groups =C-H, C-C, C=O, C-H. According to the result of the UV and FT-IR spectra, two isolates can be identified as terpenoid compounds. Keywords: E.spinosum, Secondary Metabolites, Ethyl acetate fraction, UV-VIS, FT-IR   

Isolation and characterisation of secondary metabolites from Trifolium vesiculosum Savi and their antiproliferative activities

One unreported flavonol namely morin-7-O-methyl ether (1) along with seven known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Trifolium vesiculosum Savi which were elucidated by using extensive spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS. According to the cell viability assay (MTS) on the purified compounds (1-8), quercetin-3-O-(6’’-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-galactoside (4) revealed remarkable antiproliferative activity most particularly against breast cancer cells (IC50  = 2.90 ± 0.25 µM in HCC1937 and 7.98 ± 0.57 µM in MCF7) while moderate inhibitory activity (IC50  = 17.96 ± 0.51-51.70 ± 2.69 µM) on prostate, colorectal and liver cancer cell viability was observed. Further mechanistic examinations (Annexin V/PI staining, DNA content and detection of reactive oxygen species analyses) showed that compound 4 significantly induced apoptosis, enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and caused cell cycle arrest in cancer cells by increasing accumulation of cells at G0/G1 and/or G2/M phases of the cell cycle.

Characterization of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxic Assay of Haliclona sp. Sponge Against T47D Breast Cancer Cells

Characterization of secondary metabolites and cytotoxic testing of Haliclona sp. against T47D breast cancer cells were conducted in this study. The objective was to assess the cytotoxicity of T47D cancer cells and identify the functional groups involved. The research methods employed included maceration, partitioning, phytochemical testing, toxicity testing using the BSLT method, separation through flash column chromatography (FCC), cytotoxic testing using the MTT method, and characterization using FTIR. The partition results of methanol extract consist of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fractions. The methanol extract demonstrated high toxicity, with an LC50 of 5.21 ppm. Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest toxicity compared to the n-hexane and methanol-water fractions, with LC50 values of 25.76 ppm, 42.71 ppm, and 55.26 ppm, respectively. Phytochemical testing of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded positive results for terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction was further separated using flash column chromatography, resulting in ten combined fractions (M1-M10). The cytotoxicity tests of the M3 fraction against 747D breast cancer cells showed non-toxic effects, with an IC50 value of 1382.29 ppm. The FTIR analysis of the M3 fraction revealed the presence of functional groups such as O-H, =C-H, C-H aliphatic, C=O, and C=C, which is indicative of the presence of terpenoids, steroids, and esters.

New Tricholidic Acid Triterpenoids from the Mushroom Tricholoma ustaloides Collected in an Italian Beech Wood.

The secondary metabolites produced by Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn., a mushroom species belonging to the large Tricholoma genus (Basidiomycota, Tricholomataceae), are unknown. Therefore, encouraged by the interesting results obtained in our previous chemical analyses of a few Tricholoma species collected in Italian woods, we aimed to investigate the secondary metabolites of Tricholoma ustaloides. The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study. The structures of isolated metabolites, including the absolute configuration, were established based on a detailed analysis of MS, NMR spectroscopic, optical rotation, and circular dicroism data, and on comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Two novel lanostane triterpenoids, named tricholidic acids B and C, together with triglycerides, a mixture of free fatty acids, five unidentified metabolites, and the known rare saponaceolides F and J, tricholidic acid, and tricholomenyn C, were isolated from an EtOAc extract of fruiting bodies of Tricholoma ustaloides that were collected in an Italian beech wood. This is the second example of isolation of tricholidic acid derivatives from a natural source. Saponaceolides F and J exhibited high cytotoxicity (IC50 values ≤ 10 μM) against a panel of five human cancer cell lines. The toxicity against myeloid leukemia (HL-60), lung cancer (A-549), hepatocellular cancer (HepG2), renal cancer (Caki-1), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells was higher than that shown by the very well-known cytotoxic drug cisplatin.

Isolation and Characterization of One New Natural Compound with Other Potential Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. (Family: Rutaceae)

Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng is a plant in the Rutaceae family and a species in the Glycosmis genus that has received little attention. Therefore, this research aimed to report the chemical and biological analysis of Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study, and the structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of a detailed analysis of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data and by comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Different partitions of the crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic potentials. In chemical analysis, one new phenyl acetate derivative, namely 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl 2-phenylacetate (1), along with four known compounds N-methyl-3-(methylthio)-N-(2-phenylacetyl) acrylamide (2), penangin (3), β-Caryophyllene oxide (4), and acyclic diterpene-phytol (5) were isolated for the first time from the stem and leaf of the plant. The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 11.536 µg/mL compared to standard ascorbic acid (4.816 µg/mL). In the thrombolytic assay, the dichloromethane fraction showed the maximum thrombolytic activity of 16.42% but was still insignificant compared to the standard streptokinase (65.98%). Finally, in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 values of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were found to be 0.687 µg/mL, 0.805 µg/mL, and 0.982 µg/mL which are significant compared to the standard vincristine sulfate of 0.272 µg/mL.

Cognition Enhancing Potential of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Amaranthus dubius in Mice.

Amaranthus dubius is a vegetable consumed for its nutritional content in Kenya. In herbal medicine, A. dubius is utilized to relief fever, anemia and hemorrhage. Additionally, it is utilized to manage cognitive dysfunction and is considered to augment brain function, but there is no empirical evidence to support this claim. The contemporary study investigated cognitive enhancing potential of A. dubius in mice model of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like dementia induced with ketamine. Cognitively damaged mice were treated with aqueous extract of A. dubius leaf upon which passive avoidance task (PAT) was used to assess the cognitive performance. At the end of passive avoidance test, brains of the mice were dissected to evaluate the possibility of the extract to inhibit hallmarks that propagate AD namely oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity. Additionally, characterization of secondary metabolites was done using liquid chromatograph- mass spectrometry analysis. During PAT test, extract-treated mice showed significantly increased step-through latencies than AD mice, depicting ability of A. dubius to reverse ketamine-induced cognitive decline. Further, the extract remarkably lowered malondialdehyde levels to normal levels and effectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The study showed that A. dubius extract is endowed with phytoconstituents that possess anti-oxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Thus, this study confirmed promising therapeutic effects of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg bw of A. dubius extract with potential to alleviate cognitive disarray observed in AD.

Complementary Strategies to Unlock Biosynthesis Gene Clusters Encoding Secondary Metabolites in the Filamentous Fungus Podospora anserina.

The coprophilous ascomycete Podospora anserina is known to have a high potential to synthesize a wide array of secondary metabolites (SMs). However, to date, the characterization of SMs in this species, as in other filamentous fungal species, is far less than expected by the functional prediction through genome mining, likely due to the inactivity of most SMs biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) under standard conditions. In this work, our main objective was to compare the global strategies usually used to deregulate SM gene clusters in P. anserina, including the variation of culture conditions and the modification of the chromatin state either by genetic manipulation or by chemical treatment, and to show the complementarity of the approaches between them. In this way, we showed that the metabolomics-driven comparative analysis unveils the unexpected diversity of metabolic changes in P. anserina and that the integrated strategies have a mutual complementary effect on the expression of the fungal metabolome. Then, our results demonstrate that metabolite production is significantly influenced by varied cultivation states and epigenetic modifications. We believe that the strategy described in this study will facilitate the discovery of fungal metabolites of interest and will improve the ability to prioritize the production of specific fungal SMs with an optimized treatment.

Anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative activities and characterization of secondary metabolites using Q-TOF-LC-MS/MS analysis of anti-aging medicinal plant Holostemma ada-kodien

Anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative activities and characterization of secondary metabolites using Q-TOF-LC-MS/MS analysis of anti-aging medicinal plant Holostemma ada-kodien

Extraction and characterization of secondary metabolites from Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach: A miraculous orchid

Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (Syn. Malaxis acuminata, Trade Name: Jeevak) is an amazing nutraceutical orchid. In the ayurveda sector, it is a well-known herb because of its immense therapeutic potential. Pseudobulbs are the most in-demand component in the industry, out of all the segments of the plant. The activity is connected to the presence of several active metabolites. There are only a few research papers on C. acuminatum secondary metabolite extraction and characterization. We extracted and characterized β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, and Eugenol from the pseudobulbs of this plant by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Column Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Ultra Violet (UV), and Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were utilised to characterise compounds. HPLC analysis revealed 99.98 μg/ml of β-sitosterol in the sample. Eugenol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, metabolites have a high therapeutic potential, indicating that they will be important medications in the future. Clinical trials are needed to confirm their effects on life-threatening disorders. The project's purpose is to inspire other scientists to launch a series of scientific inquiries into Crepidium acuminatum (Malaxis acuminata), and other orchids to fill in the gaps in the knowledge.

Extraction, isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Morinda lucida from Oshiegbe in Ebonyi State

Abstract This research work assessed the extraction, isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Morinda lucida. The leaves of the plant were collected from Oshiegbe in Ebonyi state. They were air-dried and pulverized for extraction. The extraction was done using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol through sequential extraction method at room temperature. The extracts were concentrated and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The concentrated fraction was subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography to obtain the pure compounds. The isolated compounds were characterized using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) for their structural elucidation. The result of the work showed that the ethanol extract recorded the highest percentage yield of 5.36 while the petroleum ether extract recorded the least percentage yield of 0.61. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides in the leaves of the plants. The ethanol extract yielded four pure isolates (compounds) of R f values: 0.93, 0.80, 0.86 and 0.72. The compounds were characterized as N-ethyl-N-nitroso-ethylmethanoate (1) bicyclo-[3,1,1]-2,6,6-trimethyl heptane-2,3-diol (2) dibutylphthalate (3) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid-butyl-2-methylpropyl ester (4) The spectral results and GC-MS fragmentation pattern agreed with the structures of the isolated compounds.

The chemical composition of different leaf extracts of Lantana fucata Lindl. influences its cytotoxic potential: A study using the Allium cepa model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceOne of the most popular plants used to treat diseases in Brazil is Lantana fucata. Like most herbal medicines, its consumption is based on popular knowledge, which, despite being considered effective, may cause side effects. Aim of the studySince the scientific data on the pharmacological properties of L. fucata are still incipient, this research aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of different types of extracts (infusion, aqueous and hydroalcoholic), characterizing them chemically. Materials and methodsThe cytotoxicity assay was performed by the A. cepa model. The cytotoxicity parameters studied were number of dividing cells and percentage mitotic index (%MI). ResultsThe result of the A. cepa assay showed that there was a decrease in the number of dividing cells and the percentage mitotic index as concentrations increased, for all extracts, indicating cytotoxicity. However, the hydroalcoholic extract was the most cytotoxic. Chromatography analysis allowed the characterization of secondary metabolites in the extracts, which were very similar. However, a greater abundance of flavonoids and triterpenoids was observed in the hydroalcoholic extract, suggesting that these compounds are responsible for its greater toxicity. ConclusionsSince the highest doses of extracts showed to have a cytotoxic effect, it is suggested that the ingestion of this species occurs in a moderate way.

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the leaves of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille and their potential biological assays

Eight new compounds (1–8), along with three known related compounds (9–11) were isolated from the leaves of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by means of spectrometric and the modified Mosher's method. Among the new compounds, compounds 1 and 2 were identified as ethyl 3, 6-anhydro-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-hexofuranoside (1) and ethyl 3, 6-anhydro-2-deoxy- hexofuranoside (2). Compounds 3–5 were the 2-acetylpyrrole derivatives and identified as 2-(2-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid (3), methyl 4-(2-acetyl-lH-pyrrol- 1-yl) butanoate (4) and 1, 4-bis (2-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) butane (5), respectively. Compound 6 was elucidated as 7-megastigmane-3, 8, 9-triol. Compounds 7, 8 were identified as kaempferol-3-O-2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside (7) and kaempferol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1–6)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside (8). In addition, the cytotoxic activities of all the compounds were also evaluated, where compounds 3, 5, 7, 9\\10 and 11 exhibited the magnificent inhibition activity on lung fibroblast differentiation induced by TGF-β1with low toxicity against the RLE-6TN cell.

Characterization of secondary metabolites in kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Indonesia is a high biodiversity country for underutilized fruits. Indonesian underutilized fruits contain several beneficial functional foods that are very useful for human health. This study aimed to analyze the secondary metabolites found in Kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi). Fruit sampling was carried out in Hulu Sungai Selatan and Banjar, South Kalimantan. Five types of Kasturi mango were used, namely Kasturi, Pinari, Palipisan, Cuban, and Rawa-rawa, which included aril and rind. The results of this research showed that there are specific compounds in each type. Analysis of secondary metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in Kasturi aril showed that specific compounds were obtained in the Kasturi type, such as 13-tetradecenal ethyl elaidate, spinacene, and (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol. The Rawa-rawa type contained specific compounds such as tetradecanoic acid and cis-vaccenic acid. Analysis of secondary metabolites with GC-MS in Kasturi rind showed that the Kasturi type contained specific compounds, such as distearil phosphite and 13-octadecenoic acid. The Rawa-rawa type contained specific compounds such as docosane and triacontyl acetate. Based on, characterization of secondary metabolites using GC-MS, Kasturi mango showed the high variation of secondary metabolites among their types.

Characterization of secondary metabolites from Lamiaceae plant leaf essential oil: A novel perspective to combat medical and agricultural pests

The insecticidal bio-efficacy of Lamiaceae essential oils (LEOs) and its major compounds (MCs) were tested against mosquitoes (Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculates) and agricultural pests (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera). The naturally gained LEOs were confirmed through GC-MS analysis. The larval and pupal toxicity of LEOs and their major compounds LC50/LC90 value was calculated by standard protocol. A total of 54, 47 and 31 compounds were identified from M. officinalis, L. latifolia and O. majorana, respectively. The MCs of LEOs: (M. officinalis) 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)- (29.4354%) and Caryophyllene (20.2749%); (L. latifolia) 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (34.4992%) and 1-Cyclohexyl-2-buten-1-ol (c,t) (38.0339%); (O. majorana) Eucalyptol (57.1278%) and p-menth-1-en-8-ol (17.9683%). The LEOs and their MCs were tested individually against larvae and pupae of Ae. vittatus, An. maculates, S. litura and H. armigera, which produced maximum toxic effects. Predominantly, the MCs were safer to the non-target organisms and target-specific insecticidal properties against selected insect pests. On the whole, our findings highlight that LEOs and their MCs represent promising eco-friendly and target specific insecticidal activities.

Diketopiperazine derivative from marine actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. SCA30 with antimicrobial activity against MRSA.

Actinobacteria isolated from marine sources are a potential source of novel natural products. In this study, we report isolation, biological activity and characterization of secondary metabolites from strain Nocardiopsis sp. SCA30, isolated from marine sediments of Havelock Islands, Andaman and Nicobar, India. The ethyl acetate extracts of the isolate on screening for biological activity demonstrated antibacterial potency and antiproliferative activity. The extracts showed anticancer activity in a panel of cell lines, including HCT 15, HT 29, MCF 7 and MDA-MB 468, at concentrations ranging from 62.5 to 1000µg/ml. A dose-dependent reduction in cell viability was observed in all the tested cell lines. The extract at 15µg/ml and 30µg/ml inhibited growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC NR-46071 and NR-46171 with MIC's of 15.62 and 7.81µg/ml, respectively. LC-MS and NMR studies revealed that the antibacterial and anticancer compound isolated from Nocardiopsis sp. SCA30 is 1-acetyl-4-4(hydroxyphenyl)piperazine.

Cussonia arborea Hochst (Araliaceae): Ethnobotany, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry

Background:  C. arborea belonging to Araliaceae family is used traditionally to cure many alien diseases including gonorrhoeae infection, diarrhea, malaria, and diabetes mellitus. The plant has been examined on the basis of scientific in vitro and in vivo evaluations possessing the major pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antihyperglycemic,  antiplasmodial and anticancer properties.&#x0D; Aim of the study: In the present paper, we reported the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the methanol extract of the stem bark of Cussonia arborea Hochst after a short review of the traditional and pharmacological studies done on this important medicinal plant.&#x0D; Materials and methods: MeOH extract of stem bark of C. arborea was suspended in water and successively extracted with EtOAc and n-BuOH. The EtOAc extract (18 g) was subjected to repeated column chromatography to yield seven (1-7) compounds. Their structures were determined by means of NMR, and published data.&#x0D; Results: The isolated compounds were identified as: protocatechuic acid (1), mixture of 3,23-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (2a) and 3,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2b) in ratio 5/4, 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosylolean-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosylolean-12-en-28-oic acid (4), β-resorcylic acid (5), mixture of 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-23-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (6a) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-23-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (6b) in ration 4/1, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (7). Compounds 3, 4, 5, 7, 2b and 6b are herein reported for the first time in this plant

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from apolar fraction of Scabiosa sicula and evaluation of their antioxidant activities

Bu çalışmada, Scabiosa sicula türünün diklorometan ekstresi bileşenlerinin tanımlanması ve karakterizasyonu ilk kez tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Akdeniz şifalı bitkilerinin fitokimyası hakkında genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. S. sicula diklorometan ekstresinin fitokimyasal incelenmesi HPLC ile yapılmış ve izole edilen altı bileşikten beş tanesinin fenolik bir tanesininde triterpen yapısında olduğu NMR ve HR-MS teknikleri kullanılarak luteolin-6-C-glukozit, luteolin-7-O-glukozit, kafeik asit, ursolik asit, 4-O-kafeoilkinik asit ve 3,5-O- dikaffeoilkinik asit olarak belirlenmiştir. S. sicula’nın diklorometan ekstresinin antioksidant aktivitesi TEAC ve DPPH yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. TEAC değeri, test edilen ekstraktın 1 mg/mL solüsyonunda bulunan aynı miktarda antioksidan potansiyeline sahip Trolox solüsyonunun konsantrasyonuna bağlı olarak 1.21 ± 0.01 mg/mL tanımlandı. DPPH aktivitesi (4.42 μg / mL) olarak hesaplanırken ona karşılık gelen metanol ekstresinin antiradikal aktivitesi 3.34 ± 0.01 μg/mL olarak ölçülmüştür. Scabiosa sicula diklorometan ekstresinin ikincil metabolitlerinin tanımlandığı bu çalışmanın literatüre sağladığı katkı, bu türün tıbbi potansiyelinin ortaya çıkarılmasına yardım edecektir.

High hydrostatic pressure shapes the development and production of secondary metabolites of Mariana Trench sediment fungi

The hadal biosphere is one of the least understood ecosystems on our planet. Recent studies have revealed diverse and active communities of prokaryotes in hadal sediment. However, there have been few studies on fungi in hadal sediment. Here we report the first isolation and cultivation of 8 fungi from the Mariana Trench sediment. The individual colonies were isolated and identified as Stemphylium sp., Cladosporium sp., Arthrinium sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., and Aspergillus sp. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) test was carried out to identify the piezophily of these hadal fungi. Among them, 7 out of the 8 fungal isolates exhibited the ability of germination after incubation under 40 MPa for 7 days. Vegetative growth of the isolates was also affected by HHP. Characterization of secondary metabolites under different pressure conditions was also performed. The production of secondary metabolites was affected by the HHP treatment, improving the potential of discovering novel natural products from hadal fungi. The antibacterial assay revealed the potential of discovering novel natural products. Our results suggest that fungal growth pressure plays an important role in the development and production of secondary metabolites of these hadal fungi under the extreme environment in the Mariana Trench.